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</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="Forced_labour" title="Forced labour">Forced labour</a> and <a href="Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Slavery_in_the_21st_century" title="Slavery in the 21st century">Contemporary</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><a href="Child_labour" title="Child labour">Child labour</a></li>
<li><a href="Children_in_the_military" title="Children in the military">Child soldiers</a></li>
<li><a href="Conscription" title="Conscription">Conscription</a></li>
<li><a href="Commercial_sexual_exploitation_of_children" title="Commercial sexual exploitation of children">CSEC</a></li>
<li><a href="Debt_bondage" title="Debt bondage">Debt bondage</a>
<ul><li><a href="Debt_bondage_in_India" title="Debt bondage in India">India</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Forced_marriage" title="Forced marriage">Forced marriage</a>
<ul><li><a href="Bride_buying" title="Bride buying">Bride buying</a></li>
<li><a href="Child_marriage" title="Child marriage">Child marriage</a></li>
<li><a href="Wife_selling" title="Wife selling">Wife selling</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Forced_prostitution" title="Forced prostitution">Forced prostitution</a></li>
<li><a href="Human_trafficking" title="Human trafficking">Human trafficking</a>
<ul><li><a href="Trafficking_of_children" title="Trafficking of children">Child</a></li>
<li><a href="Human_trafficking_in_China" title="Human trafficking in China">China</a></li>
<li><a href="Cybersex_trafficking" title="Cybersex trafficking">Cybersex</a></li>
<li><a href="Human_trafficking_in_Europe" title="Human trafficking in Europe">Europe</a></li>
<li><a href="Fraud_factory" class="mw-redirect" title="Fraud factory">Fraud factory</a></li>
<li><a href="Human_trafficking_in_India" title="Human trafficking in India">India</a></li>
<li><a href="Human_trafficking_in_the_United_States" title="Human trafficking in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Involuntary_servitude" title="Involuntary servitude">Involuntary servitude</a></li>
<li><a href="Slavery_in_21st-century_jihadism" title="Slavery in 21st-century jihadism">... in 21st-century jihadism</a></li>
<li><a href="Slavery_in_contemporary_Africa" title="Slavery in contemporary Africa">... in Africa</a></li>
<li><a href="Peon" title="Peon">Peonage</a></li>
<li><a href="Penal_labour" title="Penal labour">Penal labour</a></li>
<li><a href="Sex_trafficking" title="Sex trafficking">Sex trafficking</a>
<ul><li><a href="Sex_trafficking_in_China" title="Sex trafficking in China">China</a></li>
<li><a href="Sex_trafficking_in_Europe" title="Sex trafficking in Europe">Europe</a></li>
<li><a href="Sex_trafficking_in_the_United_States" title="Sex trafficking in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Sexual_slavery" title="Sexual slavery">Sexual slavery</a></li>
<li><a href="Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">Wage slavery</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="History_of_slavery" title="History of slavery">Historical</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<dl><dt><a href="Slavery_in_antiquity" title="Slavery in antiquity">Antiquity</a></dt></dl>
<ul><li><a href="Babylonian_law#Three_classes" title="Babylonian law">Babylonia</a></li>
<li><a href="Slavery_in_ancient_Egypt" title="Slavery in ancient Egypt">Egypt</a></li>
<li><a href="Slavery_in_ancient_Greece" title="Slavery in ancient Greece">Greece</a></li>
<li><a href="Slavery_in_ancient_Rome" title="Slavery in ancient Rome">Rome</a></li></ul>
<dl><dt><a href="Slavery_in_medieval_Europe" title="Slavery in medieval Europe">Medieval Europe</a></dt></dl>
<ul><li><a href="Ancillae" title="Ancillae">Ancillae</a></li>
<li><a href="Black_Sea_slave_trade" title="Black Sea slave trade">Black Sea slave trade</a></li>
<li><a href="Slavery_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Slavery in the Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></li>
<li><a href="Genoese_slave_trade" title="Genoese slave trade">Genoese slave trade</a></li>
<li><a href="Kholop" title="Kholop">Kholop</a></li>
<li><a href="Prague_slave_trade" title="Prague slave trade">Prague slave trade</a></li>
<li><a href="Serfdom" title="Serfdom">Serfs</a>
<ul><li><a href="History_of_serfdom" title="History of serfdom">History</a></li>
<li><a href="Serfdom_in_Russia" title="Serfdom in Russia">In Russia</a></li>
<li><a href="Emancipation_reform_of_1861" title="Emancipation reform of 1861">Emancipation</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Thrall" title="Thrall">Thrall</a></li>
<li><a href="Venetian_slave_trade" title="Venetian slave trade">Venetian slave trade</a>
<ul><li><a href="Balkan_slave_trade" title="Balkan slave trade">Balkan slave trade</a></li></ul></li></ul>
<dl><dt><a href="History_of_slavery_in_the_Muslim_world" title="History of slavery in the Muslim world">Muslim world</a></dt></dl>
<ul><li><a href="Baqt" title="Baqt">Baqt</a></li>
<li><a href="Slavery_on_the_Barbary_Coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery on the Barbary Coast">Barbary Coast</a>
<ul><li><a href="Barbary_slave_trade" title="Barbary slave trade">slave trade</a></li>
<li><a href="Barbary_pirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbary pirates">pirates</a></li>
<li><a href="Sack_of_Baltimore" title="Sack of Baltimore">Sack of Baltimore</a></li>
<li><a href="Slave_raid_of_Su%C3%B0uroy" title="Slave raid of Suðuroy">Slave raid of Suðuroy</a></li>
<li><a href="Turkish_Abductions" title="Turkish Abductions">Turkish Abductions</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Bukhara_slave_trade" title="Bukhara slave trade">Bukhara slave trade</a></li>
<li><a href="Islamic_views_on_concubinage" title="Islamic views on concubinage">Concubinage</a>
<ul><li><a href="History_of_concubinage_in_the_Muslim_world" title="History of concubinage in the Muslim world">history</a></li>
<li><a href="Ma_malakat_aymanukum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma malakat aymanukum">Ma malakat aymanukum</a></li>
<li><a href="Avret_Pazarlar%C4%B1" title="Avret Pazarları">Avret Pazarları</a></li>
<li><a href="Harem" title="Harem">Harem</a></li>
<li><a href="Abbasid_harem" title="Abbasid harem">Abbasid harem</a></li>
<li><a href="Ottoman_Imperial_Harem" title="Ottoman Imperial Harem">Ottoman Imperial Harem</a></li>
<li><a href="Safavid_imperial_harem" title="Safavid imperial harem">Safavid imperial harem</a></li>
<li><a href="Qajar_harem" title="Qajar harem">Qajar harem</a></li>
<li><a href="Jarya" title="Jarya">Jarya</a>/<a href="Cariye" title="Cariye">Cariye</a></li>
<li><a href="Odalisque" title="Odalisque">Odalisque</a></li>
<li><a href="Qiyan" title="Qiyan">Qiyan</a></li>
<li><a href="Umm_al-walad" title="Umm al-walad">Umm al-walad</a></li>
<li><a href="Circassian_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Circassian slave trade">Circassian slave trade</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Mukataba" title="Mukataba">Contract of manumission</a></li>
<li><a href="Crimean_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimean slave trade">Crimean slave trade</a></li>
<li><a href="Kafala_system" title="Kafala system">Kafala system</a></li>
<li><a href="Khazar_slave_trade" title="Khazar slave trade">Khazar slave trade</a></li>
<li><a href="Khivan_slave_trade" title="Khivan slave trade">Khivan slave trade</a></li>
<li><a href="Slavery_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Slavery in the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>
<ul><li><a href="Avret_Pazarlar%C4%B1" title="Avret Pazarları">Avret Pazarları</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Saqaliba" title="Saqaliba">Saqaliba</a></li>
<li><a href="Slavery_in_the_Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate">Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate</a></li>
<li><a href="Slavery_in_al-Andalus" title="Slavery in al-Andalus">Slavery in al-Andalus</a></li>
<li><a href="Slavery_in_the_Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Slavery in the Rashidun Caliphate">Slavery in the Rashidun Caliphate</a></li>
<li><a href="Slavery_in_the_Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate">Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate</a></li>
<li><a href="Slavery_in_the_Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate">Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate</a></li>
<li><a href="Volga_Bulgarian_slave_trade" title="Volga Bulgarian slave trade">Volga Bulgarian slave trade</a></li>
<li><a href="Slavery_in_21st-century_jihadism" title="Slavery in 21st-century jihadism">21st century</a></li></ul>
<dl><dt><a href="Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a></dt></dl>
<ul><li><a href="Atlantic_slave_trade_to_Brazil" title="Atlantic slave trade to Brazil">Brazil</a></li>
<li><a href="Bristol_slave_trade" title="Bristol slave trade">Bristol</a></li>
<li><a href="Voyages%3A_The_Trans-Atlantic_Slave_Trade_Database" title="Voyages: The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database">Database</a></li>
<li><a href="Dutch_Slave_Coast" title="Dutch Slave Coast">Dutch</a></li>
<li><a href="Middle_Passage" title="Middle Passage">Middle Passage</a></li>
<li><a href="Nantes_slave_trade" title="Nantes slave trade">Nantes</a></li>
<li><a href="Slavery_in_New_France" title="Slavery in New France">New France</a></li>
<li><a href="Panyarring" title="Panyarring">Panyarring</a></li>
<li><a href="Slavery_in_colonial_Spanish_America" title="Slavery in colonial Spanish America">Spanish Empire</a></li>
<li><a href="Slave_Coast_of_West_Africa" title="Slave Coast of West Africa">Slave Coast</a></li>
<li><a href="Slavery_in_the_colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the colonial history of the United States">Thirteen colonies</a></li></ul>
<dl><dt>Topics and practice</dt></dl>
<ul><li><a href="Blackbirding" title="Blackbirding">Blackbirding</a></li>
<li><a href="History_of_children_in_the_military" title="History of children in the military">Child soldiers</a></li>
<li><a href="Conscription" title="Conscription">Conscription</a>
<ul><li><a href="Devshirme" title="Devshirme">Devshirme</a></li>
<li><a href="Ghilman" title="Ghilman">Ghilman</a></li>
<li><a href="Mamluk" title="Mamluk">Mamluk</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Coolie" title="Coolie">Coolie</a></li>
<li><a href="Corv%C3%A9e" title="Corvée">Corvée labour</a></li>
<li><a href="Drapetomania" title="Drapetomania">Drapetomania</a></li>
<li><a href="Dysaesthesia_aethiopica" title="Dysaesthesia aethiopica">Dysaesthesia aethiopica</a></li>
<li><a href="Field_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Field slaves in the United States">Field slaves in the United States</a>
<ul><li><a href="Treatment_of_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Treatment of slaves in the United States">Treatment</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Gladiator" title="Gladiator">Gladiator</a></li>
<li><a href="Gladiatrix" title="Gladiatrix">Gladiatrix</a></li>
<li><a href="House_slave" title="House slave">House slaves</a></li>
<li><a href="Planter_class" title="Planter class">Planter class</a></li>
<li><a href="Proslavery_thought" title="Proslavery thought">Proslavery thought</a></li>
<li><a href="Saqaliba" title="Saqaliba">Saqaliba</a></li>
<li><a href="Seasoning_(slavery)" title="Seasoning (slavery)">Seasoning</a></li>
<li><a href="Slave_market" title="Slave market">Slave market</a></li>
<li><a href="Slave_Power" title="Slave Power">Slave Power</a></li>
<li><a href="Slave_raiding" title="Slave raiding">Slave raiding</a></li>
<li><a href="Slavocracy" title="Slavocracy">Slavocracy</a></li>
<li><a href="Voluntary_slavery" title="Voluntary slavery">Voluntary slavery</a></li>
<li><a href="White_slavery" title="White slavery">White slavery</a></li></ul>
<dl><dt>Naval</dt></dl>
<ul><li><a href="Galley_slave" title="Galley slave">Galley slave</a></li>
<li><a href="Impressment" title="Impressment">Impressment</a></li>
<li><a href="Barbary_pirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbary pirates">Pirates</a></li>
<li><a href="Shanghaiing" title="Shanghaiing">Shanghaiing</a></li>
<li><a href="Slave_ship" title="Slave ship">Slave ship</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">By country or region</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<dl><dt><a href="Slavery_in_Africa" title="Slavery in Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a></dt></dl>
<ul><li><a href="Slavery_in_contemporary_Africa" title="Slavery in contemporary Africa">Contemporary Africa</a></li>
<li><a href="Trans-Saharan_slave_trade" title="Trans-Saharan slave trade">Trans-Saharan slave trade</a></li>
<li><a href="Red_Sea_slave_trade" title="Red Sea slave trade">Red Sea slave trade</a></li>
<li><a href="Indian_Ocean_slave_trade" title="Indian Ocean slave trade">Indian Ocean slave trade</a>
<ul><li><a href="Zanzibar_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Zanzibar slave trade">Zanzibar slave trade</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Slavery_in_Angola" title="Slavery in Angola">Angola</a></li>
<li><a href="Human_trafficking_in_Chad" title="Human trafficking in Chad">Chad</a></li>
<li><a href="Slavery_in_the_Comoros" title="Slavery in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li>
<li><a href="Slavery_in_Ethiopia" title="Slavery in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li>
<li><a href="Slavery_in_Mali" title="Slavery in Mali">Mali</a></li>
<li><a href="Slavery_in_Mauritania" title="Slavery in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li>
<li><a href="Slavery_in_Niger" title="Slavery in Niger">Niger</a></li>
<li><a href="Slavery_in_Nigeria" title="Slavery in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li>
<li><a href="Slavery_in_Seychelles" title="Slavery in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li>
<li><a href="Slavery_in_Somalia" title="Slavery in Somalia">Somalia</a>
<ul><li><a href="Somali_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Somali slave trade">Somali slave trade</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Slavery_in_South_Africa" title="Slavery in South Africa">South Africa</a></li>
<li><a href="Slavery_in_Sudan" title="Slavery in Sudan">Sudan</a></li>
<li><a href="Slavery_in_Zanzibar" title="Slavery in Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a></li></ul>
<dl><dt><a href="Slavery_in_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the Americas">North and South America</a></dt></dl>
<ul><li><a href="Slavery_in_Pre-Columbian_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in Pre-Columbian America">Pre-Columbian America</a>
<ul><li><a href="Aztec_slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztec slavery">Aztec</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Slavery_among_the_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery among the indigenous peoples of the Americas">Americas indigenous</a>
<ul><li><a href="Slavery_among_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery among Native Americans in the United States">U.S. Natives</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">United States</a>
<ul><li><a href="Field_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Field slaves in the United States">field slaves</a></li>
<li><a href="Female_slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Female slavery in the United States">female</a></li>
<li><a href="Contemporary_slavery_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Contemporary slavery in the United States">contemporary</a></li>
<li><a href="Slave_states_and_free_states" title="Slave states and free states">maps</a></li>
<li><a href="Partus_sequitur_ventrem" title="Partus sequitur ventrem">partus</a></li>
<li><a href="Penal_labor_in_the_United_States" title="Penal labor in the United States">prison labour</a></li>
<li><a href="Treatment_of_the_enslaved_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Treatment of the enslaved in the United States">treatment</a></li>
<li><a href="Slave_trade_in_the_United_States" title="Slave trade in the United States">interregional</a></li>
<li><a href="Pro-slavery_ideology_in_the_United_States" title="Pro-slavery ideology in the United States">proslavery</a></li>
<li><a href="History_of_sexual_slavery_in_the_United_States" title="History of sexual slavery in the United States">sexual slavery</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Slavery_in_the_Bahamas" title="Slavery in the Bahamas">The Bahamas</a></li>
<li><a href="Slavery_in_Canada" title="Slavery in Canada">Canada</a></li>
<li><a href="Slavery_in_the_British_and_French_Caribbean" title="Slavery in the British and French Caribbean">Caribbean</a>
<ul><li><a href="Barbados_Slave_Code" title="Barbados Slave Code">Barbados</a></li>
<li><a href="Slavery_in_the_British_Virgin_Islands" title="Slavery in the British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="Slavery_in_Trinidad" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in Trinidad">Trinidad</a></li>
<li><a href="Code_Noir" title="Code Noir">Code Noir</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Slavery_in_Latin_America" title="Slavery in Latin America">Latin America</a></li>
<li><a href="Slavery_in_Brazil" title="Slavery in Brazil">Brazil</a>
<ul><li><a href="Lei_%C3%81urea" title="Lei Áurea">Lei Áurea</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Slavery_in_Colombia" title="Slavery in Colombia">Colombia</a></li>
<li><a href="Slavery_in_Cuba" title="Slavery in Cuba">Cuba</a></li>
<li><a href="Slavery_in_Haiti" title="Slavery in Haiti">Haiti</a>
<ul><li><a href="Haitian_Revolution" title="Haitian Revolution">revolt</a></li>
<li><a href="Restavek" title="Restavek">Restavek</a></li></ul></li>
<li>(<a href="Encomienda" title="Encomienda">Encomienda</a>)</li>
<li><a href="Afro%E2%80%93Puerto_Ricans" title="Afro–Puerto Ricans">Puerto Rico</a></li></ul>
<dl><dt><a href="Slavery_in_Asia" title="Slavery in Asia">East, Southeast, and South Asia</a></dt></dl>
<ul><li><a href="Haruwa-charuwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Haruwa-charuwa">Haruwa-charuwa</a></li>
<li><a href="Human_trafficking_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Human trafficking in Southeast Asia">Human trafficking in Southeast Asia</a></li>
<li><a href="Slavery_in_Bhutan" title="Slavery in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li>
<li><a href="Slavery_in_Brunei" title="Slavery in Brunei">Brunei</a></li>
<li><a href="Slavery_in_China" title="Slavery in China">China</a>
<ul><li><a href="Booi_Aha" title="Booi Aha">Booi Aha</a></li>
<li><a href="Eunuchs_in_China" title="Eunuchs in China">Eunuchs</a></li>
<li><a href="Laogai" title="Laogai">Laogai</a></li>
<li><a href="Penal_system_in_China" title="Penal system in China">penal system</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Slavery_in_India" title="Slavery in India">India</a>
<ul><li><a href="Debt_bondage_in_India" title="Debt bondage in India">Debt bondage</a></li>
<li><a href="Chukri_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Chukri System">Chukri System</a></li>
<li><a href="Bawi_system" title="Bawi system">Bawi system</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Slavery_in_Indonesia" title="Slavery in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li>
<li><a href="Slavery_in_Japan" title="Slavery in Japan">Japan</a>
<ul><li><a href="Comfort_women" title="Comfort women">comfort women</a></li>
<li><a href="Karayuki-san" title="Karayuki-san">Karayuki-san</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Slavery_in_Korea" title="Slavery in Korea">Korea</a>
<ul><li><a href="Kwalliso" title="Kwalliso">Kwalliso</a></li>
<li><a href="Nobi" title="Nobi">Nobi</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Slavery_in_Malaysia" title="Slavery in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li>
<li><a href="Slavery_in_the_Maldives" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li>
<li><a href="Slavery_in_the_Mongol_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the Mongol Empire">Slavery in the Mongol Empire</a></li>
<li><a href="Slavery_in_Thailand" title="Slavery in Thailand">Thailand</a>
<ul><li><a href="United_States_military_and_prostitution_in_South_Korea" title="United States military and prostitution in South Korea">Yankee princess</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Slavery_in_Vietnam" title="Slavery in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul>
<dl><dt><a href="Slavery_in_Oceania" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in Oceania">Australia and Oceania</a></dt></dl>
<ul><li><a href="Slavery_in_Australia" title="Slavery in Australia">Australia</a>
<ul><li><a href="Human_trafficking_in_Australia" title="Human trafficking in Australia">Human trafficking</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Blackbirding" title="Blackbirding">Blackbirding</a></li>
<li><a href="Slave_raiding_in_Easter_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave raiding in Easter Island">Slave raiding in Easter Island</a></li>
<li><a href="Human_trafficking_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea">Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea</a></li>
<li><a href="Blackbirding_in_Polynesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackbirding in Polynesia">Blackbirding in Polynesia</a></li></ul>
<dl><dt>Europe and North Asia</dt></dl>
<ul><li><a href="Sex_trafficking_in_Europe" title="Sex trafficking in Europe">Sex trafficking in Europe</a></li>
<li>United Kingdom
<ul><li><a href="Penal_labour_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Penal labour in the United Kingdom">Penal Labour</a></li>
<li><a href="Slavery_in_Britain" title="Slavery in Britain">Slavery</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Slavery_in_Albania" title="Slavery in Albania">Albania</a></li>
<li><a href="Slavery_in_Bulgaria" title="Slavery in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li>
<li><a href="Danish_slave_trade" title="Danish slave trade">Denmark</a></li>
<li><a href="Dutch_Slave_Coast" title="Dutch Slave Coast">Dutch Republic</a></li>
<li><a href="Slavery_in_Finland" title="Slavery in Finland">Finland</a></li>
<li><a href="Slavery_in_France" title="Slavery in France">France</a></li>
<li><a href="Slavery_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Slavery in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li>
<li><a href="Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">Germany in World War II</a></li>
<li><a href="Slavery_in_Hungary" title="Slavery in Hungary">Hungary</a></li>
<li><a href="Slavery_in_Malta" title="Slavery in Malta">Malta</a></li>
<li><a href="Thrall" title="Thrall">Norway</a></li>
<li><a href="Slavery_in_Poland" title="Slavery in Poland">Poland</a></li>
<li><a href="Slavery_in_Portugal" title="Slavery in Portugal">Portugal</a></li>
<li><a href="Slavery_in_Romania" title="Slavery in Romania">Romania</a></li>
<li><a href="Slavery_in_Russia" title="Slavery in Russia">Russia</a></li>
<li><a href="Slavery_in_Serbia" title="Slavery in Serbia">Serbia</a></li>
<li><a href="Slavery_in_Spain" title="Slavery in Spain">Spain</a></li>
<li><a href="Swedish_slave_trade" title="Swedish slave trade">Sweden</a></li>
<li><a href="Slavery_in_Switzerland" title="Slavery in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li></ul>
<dl><dt>North Africa and West Asia</dt></dl>
<ul><li><a href="Slavery_in_Afghanistan" title="Slavery in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>
<ul><li><a href="Bacha_bazi" title="Bacha bazi">Bacha bazi</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Slavery_in_Algeria" title="Slavery in Algeria">Algeria</a></li>
<li><a href="Slavery_in_Bahrain" title="Slavery in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li>
<li><a href="Slavery_in_Egypt" title="Slavery in Egypt">Egypt</a></li>
<li><a href="Human_trafficking_in_the_Middle_East" title="Human trafficking in the Middle East">Human trafficking in the Middle East</a></li>
<li><a href="Slavery_in_Iran" title="Slavery in Iran">Iran</a></li>
<li><a href="Slavery_in_Iraq" title="Slavery in Iraq">Iraq</a></li>
<li><a href="Slavery_in_Jordan" title="Slavery in Jordan">Jordan</a></li>
<li><a href="Slavery_in_Kuwait" title="Slavery in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li>
<li><a href="Slavery_in_Lebanon" title="Slavery in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li>
<li><a href="Slavery_in_Libya" title="Slavery in Libya">Libya</a></li>
<li><a href="Slavery_in_Morocco" title="Slavery in Morocco">Morocco</a></li>
<li><a href="Slavery_in_Oman" title="Slavery in Oman">Oman</a></li>
<li><a href="Slavery_in_Palestine" title="Slavery in Palestine">Palestine</a></li>
<li><a href="Slavery_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Slavery in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li>
<li><a href="Slavery_in_Syria" title="Slavery in Syria">Syria</a></li>
<li><a href="Slavery_in_Tunisia" title="Slavery in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li>
<li><a href="Slavery_in_Qatar" title="Slavery in Qatar">Qatar</a></li>
<li><a href="Slavery_in_Yemen" title="Slavery in Yemen">Yemen</a></li>
<li><a href="Slavery_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Slavery_and_religion" title="Slavery and religion">Religion</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><a href="The_Bible_and_slavery" title="The Bible and slavery">Bible</a></li>
<li><a href="Christian_views_on_slavery" title="Christian views on slavery">Christianity</a>
<ul><li><a href="Catholic_Church_and_slavery" title="Catholic Church and slavery">Catholicism</a></li>
<li><a href="Mormonism_and_slavery" title="Mormonism and slavery">Mormonism</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Islamic_views_on_slavery" title="Islamic views on slavery">Islam</a></li>
<li><a href="Jewish_views_on_slavery" title="Jewish views on slavery">Judaism</a></li>
<li><a href="Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Baháʼí Faith and slavery">Baháʼí Faith</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">Opposition and resistance</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><a href="Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">Abolitionism</a>
<ul><li><a href="Abolitionism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Abolitionism in the United Kingdom">U.K.</a></li>
<li><a href="Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">U.S.</a></li>
<li><a href="Brussels_Anti-Slavery_Conference_1889%E2%80%9390" title="Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90">Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90</a></li>
<li><a href="Temporary_Slavery_Commission" title="Temporary Slavery Commission">Temporary Slavery Commission</a></li>
<li><a href="1926_Slavery_Convention" title="1926 Slavery Convention">1926 Slavery Convention</a></li>
<li><a href="Committee_of_Experts_on_Slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Committee of Experts on Slavery">Committee of Experts on Slavery</a></li>
<li><a href="Advisory_Committee_of_Experts_on_Slavery" title="Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery">Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery</a></li>
<li><a href="Ad_Hoc_Committee_on_Slavery" title="Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery">Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery</a></li>
<li><a href="Supplementary_Convention_on_the_Abolition_of_Slavery" title="Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery">Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery</a></li>
<li><a href="List_of_abolitionists" title="List of abolitionists">Abolitionists</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Anglo-Egyptian_Slave_Trade_Convention" title="Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention">Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-Slavery_International" title="Anti-Slavery International">Anti-Slavery International</a></li>
<li><a href="Blockade_of_Africa" title="Blockade of Africa">Blockade of Africa</a>
<ul><li><a href="West_Africa_Squadron" title="West Africa Squadron">U.K.</a></li>
<li><a href="African_Slave_Trade_Patrol" title="African Slave Trade Patrol">U.S.</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="American_Colonization_Society" title="American Colonization Society">Colonization</a>
<ul><li><a href="Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a></li>
<li><a href="Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Compensated_emancipation" title="Compensated emancipation">Compensated emancipation</a></li>
<li><a href="Freedman" title="Freedman">Freedman</a>
<ul><li><a href="Manumission" title="Manumission">Manumission</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Freedom_suit" title="Freedom suit">Freedom suit</a></li>
<li><a href="Slave_Power" title="Slave Power">Slave Power</a></li>
<li><a href="Underground_Railroad" title="Underground Railroad">Underground Railroad</a>
<ul><li><a href="Songs_of_the_Underground_Railroad" title="Songs of the Underground Railroad">songs</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Slave_rebellion" title="Slave rebellion">Slave rebellion</a></li>
<li><a href="Slave_Trade_Act" title="Slave Trade Act">Slave Trade Acts</a></li>
<li><a href="Slavery_in_international_law" title="Slavery in international law">International law</a></li>
<li><a href="Third_Servile_War" title="Third Servile War">Third Servile War</a></li>
<li><a href="Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">13th Amendment to the United States Constitution</a></li>
<li><a href="Timeline_of_abolition_of_slavery_and_serfdom" title="Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom">Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom</a></li>
<li>Abolition of slave trade in Persian gulf</li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><a href="Slavery_at_common_law" title="Slavery at common law">Common law</a></li>
<li><a href="Forced_labour" title="Forced labour">Forced labour</a></li>
<li><a href="Fugitive_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Fugitive slaves in the United States">Fugitive slaves</a>
<ul><li><a href="Fugitive_slave_laws_in_the_United_States" title="Fugitive slave laws in the United States">laws</a></li>
<li><a href="Fugitive_Slave_Convention" title="Fugitive Slave Convention">convention</a></li>
<li><a href="Great_Dismal_Swamp_maroons" title="Great Dismal Swamp maroons">Great Dismal Swamp maroons</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Indentured_servitude" title="Indentured servitude">Indentured servitude</a></li>
<li><a href="List_of_slaves" title="List of slaves">List of slaves</a>
<ul><li><a href="List_of_slave_owners" title="List of slave owners">owners</a></li>
<li><a href="List_of_last_survivors_of_American_slavery" title="List of last survivors of American slavery">last survivors of American slavery</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="List_of_slavery-related_memorials_and_museums" title="List of slavery-related memorials and museums">List of slavery-related memorials and museums</a></li>
<li><a href="Slave_catcher" title="Slave catcher">Slave catcher</a></li>
<li><a href="Slave_marriages_in_the_United_States" title="Slave marriages in the United States">Slave marriages in the United States</a></li>
<li><a href="Slave_narrative" title="Slave narrative">Slave narrative</a>
<ul><li><a href="List_of_films_featuring_slavery" title="List of films featuring slavery">films</a></li>
<li><a href="Slave_Songs_of_the_United_States" title="Slave Songs of the United States">songs</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Slave_name" title="Slave name">Slave name</a></li>
<li><a href="Slave_patrol" title="Slave patrol">Slave patrol</a></li>
<li><a href="The_Slave_Route_Project" title="The Slave Route Project">Slave Route Project</a>
<ul><li><a href="Slave_breeding_in_the_United_States" title="Slave breeding in the United States">breeding</a></li>
<li><a href="List_of_court_cases_in_the_United_States_involving_slavery" title="List of court cases in the United States involving slavery">court cases</a></li>
<li><a href="George_Washington_and_slavery" title="George Washington and slavery">Washington</a></li>
<li><a href="Thomas_Jefferson_and_slavery" title="Thomas Jefferson and slavery">Jefferson</a></li>
<li><a href="John_Quincy_Adams_and_abolitionism" title="John Quincy Adams and abolitionism">J.Q. Adams</a></li>
<li><a href="Abraham_Lincoln_and_slavery" title="Abraham Lincoln and slavery">Lincoln</a>
<ul><li><a href="Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Forty_acres_and_a_mule" title="Forty acres and a mule">40 acres</a></li>
<li><a href="Freedmen's_Bureau" title="Freedmen's Bureau">Freedmen's Bureau</a></li>
<li><a href="Slave_iron_bit" title="Slave iron bit">Iron bit</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Emancipation_Day" title="Emancipation Day">Emancipation Day</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
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<p>The <b>slave codes</b> were laws relating to <a href="Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a> and enslaved people, specifically regarding the <a href="Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a> and chattel slavery in the Americas.
</p><p>Most slave codes were concerned with the rights and duties of free people in regards to enslaved people. Slave codes left a great deal unsaid, with much of the actual practice of slavery being a matter of traditions rather than formal law.
</p><p>The primary colonial powers all had slightly different slave codes. <a href="New_France" title="New France">French colonies</a>, after 1685, had the <a href="Code_Noir" title="Code Noir">Code Noir</a> specifically for this purpose.<sup id="cite_ref-ingersoll,_1995,_pp._26-27_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ingersoll,_1995,_pp._26-27-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Spanish had some laws regarding slavery in <a href="Siete_Partidas" title="Siete Partidas">Las Siete Partidas</a>, a far older law that was not designed for the slave societies of the Americas.<sup id="cite_ref-ingersoll,_1995,_pp._24-25_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ingersoll,_1995,_pp._24-25-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="British_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="British colonization of the Americas">English colonies</a> largely had their own local slave codes, mostly based on the codes of either the colonies of <a href="Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a> or <a href="Colony_of_Virginia" title="Colony of Virginia">Virginia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rugemer_2013,_430_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rugemer_2013,_430-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In addition to these national and state- or colony-level slave codes, there were city ordinances and other local restrictions regarding enslaved people.
</p>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Typical_slave_codes">Typical slave codes</h2></div>
<p>There are many similarities between the various slave codes. The most common elements are:
</p>
<ul><li><b>Movement restrictions:</b> Most regions required any slaves away from their plantations or outside of the cities they resided in to have a pass signed by their master. Many cities in the slave-states required slave tags, small copper badges that enslaved people wore, to show that they were allowed to move about.<sup id="cite_ref-Harlan2004_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harlan2004-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><b><a href="Marriage_of_enslaved_people_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marriage of enslaved people (United States)">Marriage restrictions</a>:</b> Most places restricted the marriage rights of enslaved people, ostensibly to prevent them from trying to change masters by marrying into a family on another plantation.<sup id="cite_ref-Ingersoll,_1995,_pp._29-30_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ingersoll,_1995,_pp._29-30-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marriage between people of different races was also restricted.</li>
<li><b>Prohibitions on gathering:</b> Slave codes generally prevented large groups of enslaved people from gathering away from their plantations.</li>
<li><b>Slave patrols:</b> In the slave-dependent portions of North America, varying degrees of legal authority backed <a href="Slave_patrol" title="Slave patrol">slave patrols</a> by plantation owners and other free whites to ensure that enslaved people were not free to move about at night, and to generally enforce the restrictions on slaves.<sup id="cite_ref-Hadden_SlavePatrols_2001_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hadden_SlavePatrols_2001-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><b>Trade and commerce by slaves:</b> Initially, most places gave enslaved people some land to work personally and allowed them to operate their markets. As slavery became more profitable, slave codes restricting the rights of enslaved people to buy, sell, and produce goods were introduced.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some places, slave tags were required to be worn by enslaved people to prove that they were allowed to participate in certain types of work.<sup id="cite_ref-Harlan2004_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harlan2004-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><b>Punishment and killing of slaves:</b> Slave codes regulated how slaves could be punished, usually going so far as to apply no penalty for accidentally killing a slave while punishing them.<sup id="cite_ref-morris_1999,_161-171_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-morris_1999,_161-171-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later laws began to apply restrictions on this, but slave-owners were still rarely punished for killing their slaves.<sup id="cite_ref-morris_1999,_171-172_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-morris_1999,_171-172-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian <a href="Lawrence_M._Friedman" title="Lawrence M. Friedman">Lawrence M. Friedman</a> wrote: "Ten Southern codes made it a crime to mistreat a slave.... Under the <a href="Louisiana_Civil_Code" title="Louisiana Civil Code">Louisiana Civil Code</a> of 1825 (art. 192), if a master was ′convicted of cruel treatment,′ the judge could order the sale of the mistreated slave, presumably to a better master."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><b>Education restrictions:</b> Some codes made it <a href="Anti-literacy_laws_in_the_United_States" title="Anti-literacy laws in the United States">illegal to teach slaves to read</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://americanexperience.si.edu/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Literacy-as-Freedom.pdf">Slave literacy</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="England's_American_colonies_and_the_United_States">England's American colonies and the United States</h2></div>
<p>There was no central English slave code; each colony developed its own code, often with reference to <a href="Roman_law" title="Roman law">Roman law</a> and its treatment of the <a href="Status_in_Roman_legal_system" title="Status in Roman legal system">status of slaves</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
After the <a href="United_States" title="United States">United States</a> established independence in the <a href="American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a> of 1775–1783, the individual states ratified new constitutions, but their laws were generally a continuation of the laws those regions had maintained prior to that point, and their slave codes remained unchanged.
</p><p>The first comprehensive slave-code in an English colony was established in Barbados, an island in the <a href="Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a>, in 1661. Many other slave codes of the time are based directly on this model. Modifications of the Barbadian slave codes were put in place in the <a href="Colony_of_Jamaica" title="Colony of Jamaica">Colony of Jamaica</a> in 1664, and were then greatly modified in 1684. The Jamaican codes of 1684 were copied by the <a href="Province_of_South_Carolina" title="Province of South Carolina">colony of South Carolina</a>, first in 1691,<sup id="cite_ref-Rugemer_2013,_430_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rugemer_2013,_430-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and then immediately following the Stono Rebellion, in 1740. The South Carolina slave-code served as the model for many other colonies in North America.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1755, the <a href="Province_of_Georgia" title="Province of Georgia">colony of Georgia</a> adopted the South Carolina slave code.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Virginia's slave codes were made in parallel to those in Barbados, with individual laws starting in 1667 and a comprehensive slave-code passed in 1705.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1667, the Virginia <a href="House_of_Burgesses" title="House of Burgesses">House of Burgesses</a> enacted a law which did not recognize the conversion of African Americans to Christianity despite a baptism. In 1669, Virginia enacted "An act about the casual killing of slaves" which declared that masters who killed slaves deemed resisting were exempt from felony charges. In 1670, they enacted a law prohibiting free Africans from purchasing servants who weren't also African. In 1680, Virginia passed Act X, which prohibited slaves from carrying weapons, leaving their owner's plantation without a certificate, or raising a hand against "Christians".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The slave codes of the other <a href="Tobacco_colonies" title="Tobacco colonies">tobacco colonies</a> (<a href="Delaware_Colony" title="Delaware Colony">Delaware</a>, <a href="Province_of_Maryland" title="Province of Maryland">Maryland</a>, and <a href="Province_of_North_Carolina" title="Province of North Carolina">North Carolina</a>) were modeled on the Virginia code.<sup id="cite_ref-Christian,_pp._27-28_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Christian,_pp._27-28-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While not based directly on the codes of Barbados, the Virginia codes were inspired by them.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The shipping and trade that took place between the West Indies and the Chesapeake (the "final passage" of the <a href="Triangular_Trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Triangular Trade">Triangular Trade</a>) meant that planters quickly became aware of any legal and cultural changes that took place.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to historian <a href="Russell_Menard" title="Russell Menard">Russell Menard</a>, when Maryland put its slave code in place in the 1660s the Barbadian codes functioned as a "legal cultural hearth" for the law, with members of the Maryland legislature having been former residents of Barbados.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The northern colonies developed their own slave-codes at later dates, with the strictest evolving in the <a href="Province_of_New_York" title="Province of New York">colony of New York</a>, which passed a comprehensive slave code in 1702 and expanded that code in 1712 and 1730.<sup id="cite_ref-Olson_1944_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Olson_1944-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The British <a href="Slave_Trade_Act_1807" title="Slave Trade Act 1807">Slave Trade Act 1807</a> abolished the <a href="Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">slave trade</a> throughout the <a href="British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>. In 1833, the <a href="Slavery_Abolition_Act_1833" title="Slavery Abolition Act 1833">Slavery Abolition Act</a> ended slavery throughout the British Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The <a href="Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">United States</a> experienced divisions between <a href="Slave_states_and_free_states" title="Slave states and free states">slave states in the South and free states in the North</a>. At the start of the <a href="American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> in 1861, there were 34 states in the United States, 15 of which were slave states, all of which had slave codes. The 19 free states did not have slave codes, although they still had laws regarding slavery and enslaved people, covering such issues as how to handle slaves from slave states, whether they were runaways or with their owners.
</p><p>Slavery was not banned nationwide in the United States until the <a href="Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Thirteenth Amendment</a> was ratified by 27 states by December 6, 1865. The 1807 <a href="Act_Prohibiting_Importation_of_Slaves" title="Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves">Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves</a>, in effect on 1 January 1808, had made it a felony to import slaves from abroad.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="French_slave_codes">French slave codes</h2></div>
<p>The <a href="New_France" title="New France">French colonies in North America</a> were the only portion of the Americas to have an effective slave code applied from the center of the empire. King <a href="Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a> applied the <a href="Code_Noir" title="Code Noir">Code Noir</a> in 1685, and it was adopted by <a href="Saint-Domingue" title="Saint-Domingue">Saint-Domingue</a> in 1687 and the <a href="French_West_Indies" title="French West Indies">French West Indies</a> in 1687, <a href="French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">French Guiana</a> in 1704, <a href="R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a> in 1723, and <a href="Louisiana_(New_France)" title="Louisiana (New France)">Louisiana</a> in 1724. It was never applied in <a href="Canada_(New_France)" title="Canada (New France)">Canada</a>, which had very few slaves. The Code Noir was developed in part to combat the spread of <a href="Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> and thus focuses more on religious restrictions than other slave codes. The Code Noir was significantly updated in 1724.<sup id="cite_ref-ingersoll,_1995,_pp._26-27_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ingersoll,_1995,_pp._26-27-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The city of <a href="New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a> in Louisiana developed slave codes under Spain, France, and the United States, due to Louisiana changing hands several times, resulting in a very complex set of slave codes. The needs of the locals were usually held in favor over any outside laws.<sup id="cite_ref-ingersoll,_1995,_pp._23-24_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ingersoll,_1995,_pp._23-24-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>France abolished slavery after the <a href="French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, first by freeing second-generation slaves in 1794.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although it was reinstated under Napoleon with the <a href="Law_of_20_May_1802" title="Law of 20 May 1802">Law of 20 May 1802</a>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spanish_slave_codes">Spanish slave codes</h2></div>
<p>In practice, the slave codes of the <a href="Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">Spanish colonies</a> were local laws, similar to those in other regions. There was an overarching legal code, <a href="Siete_Partidas" title="Siete Partidas">Las Siete Partidas</a>, which granted many specific rights to the slaves in these regions, but there is little record of it actually being used to benefit the slaves in the Americas. Las Siete Partidas was compiled in the thirteenth century, long before the colonization of the new world, and its treatment of slavery was based on the <a href="Slavery_in_ancient_Rome" title="Slavery in ancient Rome">Roman tradition</a>. <a href="Frank_Tannenbaum" title="Frank Tannenbaum">Frank Tannenbaum</a>, an influential sociologist who wrote on the treatment of slaves in the Americas, treated the laws in Las Siete Partidas as an accurate reflection of treatment, but later scholarship has moved away from this viewpoint, arguing that the official laws in Las Siete Partidas did not reflect practices in the colonies.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>An attempt to unify the Spanish slave codes, the Codigo Negro, was cancelled without ever going into effect because it was unpopular with the slave-owners in the Americas.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The <a href="Laws_of_the_Indies" title="Laws of the Indies">Laws of the Indies</a> were an ongoing body of laws, modified throughout the history of the Spanish colonies, that incorporated many slave laws in the later versions.<sup id="cite_ref-ingersoll_1995,_53-54_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ingersoll_1995,_53-54-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples_of_slave_codes">Examples of slave codes</h2></div>
<ul><li><a href="Barbados_Slave_Code" title="Barbados Slave Code">Barbados slave code of 1661</a></li>
<li><a href="Code_Noir" title="Code Noir">Code Noir</a>; French black code</li>
<li><a href="New_York_slave_codes" title="New York slave codes">New York slave codes</a></li>
<li><a href="South_Carolina_slave_codes" title="South Carolina slave codes">South Carolina slave codes</a></li>
<li><a href="Virginia_Slave_Codes_of_1705" title="Virginia Slave Codes of 1705">Virginia slave codes of 1705</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div>
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<ul><li><a href="Anti-literacy_laws_in_the_United_States" title="Anti-literacy laws in the United States">Anti-literacy laws in the United States</a></li>
<li><a href="Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a></li>
<li><a href="Black_Codes_(United_States)" title="Black Codes (United States)">Black Codes</a></li>
<li><a href="Convict_leasing" title="Convict leasing">Convict leasing</a></li>
<li><a href="Coolie" title="Coolie">Coolie</a></li>
<li><a href="Debt_bondage" title="Debt bondage">Debt bondage</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/reconstruction-schools-and-education-during-reconstruction/">Education after Slavery</a></li>
<li><a href="Forced_labour" title="Forced labour">Forced labour</a></li>
<li><a href="Human_trafficking" title="Human trafficking">Human trafficking</a></li>
<li><a href="Indentured_servitude" title="Indentured servitude">Indentured servitude</a></li>
<li><a href="International_Year_to_Commemorate_the_Struggle_against_Slavery_and_its_Abolition" class="mw-redirect" title="International Year to Commemorate the Struggle against Slavery and its Abolition">International Year to Commemorate the Struggle against Slavery and its Abolition</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/1804-ohio-black-codes/">Ohio Black Codes</a></li>
<li><a href="Slave_narrative" title="Slave narrative">Slave narrative</a></li>
<li><a href="Slave_rebellion" title="Slave rebellion">Slave rebellion</a></li>
<li><a href="Slave_Trade_Act" title="Slave Trade Act">Slave Trade Act</a></li>
<li><a href="Slavery_in_Africa" title="Slavery in Africa">Slavery in Africa</a></li>
<li><a href="Slavery_in_Canada" title="Slavery in Canada">Slavery in Canada</a></li>
<li><a href="Slavery_in_the_colonial_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the colonial United States">Slavery in the colonial United States</a></li>
<li><a href="Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery in the United States</a>
<ul><li><a href="Origins_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Origins of the American Civil War">Origins of the American Civil War</a></li>
<li><a href="North_Carolina_v._Mann" title="North Carolina v. Mann">North Carolina v. Mann</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>
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<li id="cite_note-ingersoll,_1995,_pp._26-27-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ingersoll,_1995,_pp._26-27_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ingersoll,_1995,_pp._26-27_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">
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</style><cite id="CITEREFIngersoll1995" class="citation journal cs1">Ingersoll, Thomas N. (1995). "Slave Codes and Judicial Practice in New Orleans, 1718-1807". <i>Law and History Review</i>. <b>13</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">26–</span>27. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F743955">10.2307/743955</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/743955">743955</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144941094">144941094</a>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-ingersoll,_1995,_pp._24-25-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ingersoll,_1995,_pp._24-25_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Igersoll 1995, pp. 24-25</span>
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<li id="cite_note-Rugemer_2013,_430-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rugemer_2013,_430_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rugemer_2013,_430_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRugemer2013" class="citation journal cs1">Rugemer, Edward B. (2013). "The Development of Mastery and Race in the Comprehensive Slave Codes of the Greater Caribbean during the Seventeenth Century". <i>The William and Mary Quarterly</i>. <b>70</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">429–</span>458. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5309%2Fwillmaryquar.70.3.0429">10.5309/willmaryquar.70.3.0429</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5309/willmaryquar.70.3.0429">10.5309/willmaryquar.70.3.0429</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:151934533">151934533</a>.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Harlan2004-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harlan2004_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harlan2004_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGreene2004" class="citation book cs1">Greene, Harlan (2004). <i>Slave badges and the slave hire system in Charleston, South Carolina, 1783-1865</i>. McFarland, Incorporated, Publishers. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0786417292</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/53459029">53459029</a>.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Ingersoll,_1995,_pp._29-30-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ingersoll,_1995,_pp._29-30_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ingersoll 1995, pp. 29-30</span>
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<li id="cite_note-Hadden_SlavePatrols_2001-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hadden_SlavePatrols_2001_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHadden2001" class="citation book cs1">Hadden, Sally E. (2001). <i><a href="Slave_Patrols%3A_Law_and_Violence_in_Virginia_and_the_Carolinas" title="Slave Patrols: Law and Violence in Virginia and the Carolinas">Slave Patrols: Law and Violence in Virginia and the Carolinas</a></i>. Harvard Historical Studies. Cambridge, MA: <a href="Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. p. 340. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780674012349</bdi>.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHadden2001" class="citation book cs1">Hadden, Sally E. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/slavepatrolslawv00hadd"><i>Slave Patrols: Law and Violence in Virginia and the Carolinas (Full text digital library access with registration)</i></a>. Harvard University Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780674004702</bdi><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 2,</span> 2020</span>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBerlin1991" class="citation book cs1">Berlin, Ira (1991). <i>The slaves' economy : independent production by slaves in the Americas</i>. Morgan, Phillip D. London: Cass. p. 7. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0714634364</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/255388170">255388170</a>.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-morris_1999,_161-171-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-morris_1999,_161-171_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMorris1999" class="citation book cs1">Morris, Thomas D. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VmPWCKh0hZAC&pg=PA172"><i></i> Southern Slavery and the Law, 1619-1860<i></i></a>. University of North Carolina Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">161–</span>171. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0807864302</bdi>.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-morris_1999,_171-172-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-morris_1999,_171-172_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morris 1999, pp 171-172</span>
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<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lawrence M. Friedman (2005). <i>A History of American Law: Third Edition</i>. Simon and Schuster. p.163 <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0743282582</bdi></span>
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<li id="cite_note-:0-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inmotionmagazine.com/track.html">"A History to Remember by Rose Sanders - Education Rights / In Motion Magazine"</a>. <i>www.inmotionmagazine.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-12-17</span></span>.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">
<cite id="CITEREFSessarego2019" class="citation book cs1">Sessarego, Sandro (12 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iNGoDwAAQBAJ"><i>Language Contact and the Making of an Afro-Hispanic Vernacular: Variation and Change in the Colombian Chocó</i></a>. Cambridge Approaches to Language Contact. Cambridge University Press. p. 156. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781108485814</bdi><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2023</span>. <q>English slave law [...] was not imposed by the motherland; rather, it was the result of local processes, involving colonial judges and local authorities. Colonial judges had to create a law on slavery in a context in which they could not rely on any established slave code. For this reason, it was common practice to refer to Roman law, and thus to a system that was comparatively harsher on slaves than the one Spanish society was able to elaborate during the course of its medieval history.</q></cite> </span>
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<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scencyclopedia.org/sce/entries/slave-codes/">"Slave Codes"</a>. <i>South Carolina Encyclopedia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-01-10</span></span>.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.georgiaarchives.org/assets/documents/Slave_Laws_of_Georgia_1755-1860.pdf"><i>Slave Laws of Georgia, 1755-1860</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span></cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGreeneMorgan1976" class="citation journal cs1">Greene, Jack P.; Morgan, Edmund S. (1976). "American Slavery, American Freedom: The Ordeal of Colonial Virginia". <i>Political Science Quarterly</i>. <b>91</b> (4): 742. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2148833">10.2307/2148833</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0032-3195">0032-3195</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2148833">2148833</a>.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">
<cite id="CITEREFBrowne-Marshall2020" class="citation journal cs1">Browne-Marshall, Gloria J. (2020-09-01). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/711023">"The Africans of 1619: Making Black Lives Matter in the Virginia Colony"</a></span>. <i>The Journal of African American History</i>. <b>105</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">655–</span>662. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F711023">10.1086/711023</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1548-1867">1548-1867</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:229355113">229355113</a>.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Christian,_pp._27-28-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Christian,_pp._27-28_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christian, pp. 27-28</span>
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<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRiley2012" class="citation thesis cs1">Riley, Jamin Paul (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://corescholar.libraries.wright.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1676&context=etd_all"><i>Misrepresenting Misery: Slaves, Servants, and Motives in Early Virginia</i></a> (MA thesis). Wright State University. <q>This period of migration saw thousands of people move from Barbados to Virginia. Both Virginia's role in the slave trade and its knowledge of <a href="Plantation_complexes_in_the_Southern_United_States" title="Plantation complexes in the Southern United States">plantation</a> management grew as a result.</q></cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vUAlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA127"><i>The World of Colonial America: An Atlantic Handbook</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. 28 April 2017. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781317662143</bdi>.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHatfield2004" class="citation web cs1">Hatfield, April Lee (September 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eh.net/book_reviews/atlantic-virginia-intercolonial-relations-in-the-seventeenth-century/">"Atlantic Virginia: Intercolonial Relations in the Seventeenth Century"</a>.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FyB24GZrJxAC&pg=PA112">Sweet Negotiations: Sugar, Slavery, and Plantation Agriculture in Early Barbados</a>, Chapter 6 <i>The Expansion of Barbados</i>, p. 112 - "So influential was the Barbadian slave code that Barry David Gaspar refers to the island as a 'legal cultural hearth [...]' [...]. [...] in the early 1660s, when the Maryland legislature, with the Barbadians Thomas Notley sitting in the speaker's chair and Jesse Wharton in the governor's seat, decided that it was time to address the colony's growing slave population, the laws it passed clearly reflected the influence of Barbados, even if Barbadian laws were revised slightly to address the Maryland legislature's perceptions of how the problem should be handled."</span>
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<li id="cite_note-Olson_1944-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Olson_1944_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFOlson1944" class="citation journal cs1">Olson, Edwin (1944). "The Slave Code in Colonial New York". <i>The Journal of Negro History</i>. <b>29</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">147–</span>149. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2715308">10.2307/2715308</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2715308">2715308</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:149585104">149585104</a>.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHenry" class="citation web cs1">Henry, Natasha. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/slavery-abolition-act-1833">"Slavery Abolition Act, 1833"</a>. <i>The Canadian Encyclopedia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-ingersoll,_1995,_pp._23-24-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ingersoll,_1995,_pp._23-24_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ingersoll 1995, pp. 23-24</span>
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<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGasparGeggus1997" class="citation book cs1">Gaspar, David Barry; Geggus, David Patrick (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/turbulenttimefre0000unse/page/60"><i>A turbulent time : the French Revolution and the Greater Caribbean</i></a>. Indiana University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/turbulenttimefre0000unse/page/60">60</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0253332479</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/468033260">468033260</a>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDíaz2004" class="citation journal cs1">Díaz, María Elena (2004). "Beyond Tannenbaum". <i>Law and History Review</i>. <b>22</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">371–</span>376. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F4141650">10.2307/4141650</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4141650">4141650</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:232394988">232394988</a>.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBerlin,_Ira1998" class="citation book cs1">Berlin, Ira (1998). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/manythousandsgon00berl/page/221"><i>Many thousands gone : the first two centuries of slavery in North America</i></a></span>. Rogers D. Spotswood Collection. Cambridge, Massachusetts. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/manythousandsgon00berl/page/221">221</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0674810921</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/38966102">38966102</a>.</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{cite book}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)</span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-ingersoll_1995,_53-54-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ingersoll_1995,_53-54_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ingersoll 1995, pp. 53-54</span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>
<ul><li>Christian, Charles M., and Bennet, Sari, <i>Black saga: the African American experience : a chronology</i>, Basic Civitas Books, 1998</li>
<li>Thomas Cooper and David J. McCord, ed., <i>Statutes at Large of South Carolina</i>, (10 Vols., Columbia, 1836–1841) VII, pp. 352–356.</li>
<li>B. F. French, <i>Historical Collections of Louisiana:Embracing Translations of Many Rare and Valuable Documents Relating to the Natural, Civil, and Political History of that State</i> (New York: D. Appleton, 1851)</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rs6.loc.gov/ammem/sthtml/stpres02.html">Slave Code for the District of Columbia</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archives.state.al.us/teacher/slavery/lesson1/doc1.html">Laws of the State of Alabama, 1833</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120608224804/http://www.archives.state.al.us/teacher/slavery/lesson1/doc1.html">Archived</a> 2012-06-08 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>
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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Bibliography_of_slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Bibliography of slavery in the United States">Bibliography of slavery in the United States</a></div>
<ul><li>Goodell, William (1853). <i>The American Slave Code in Theory and Practice: Its Distinctive Features Shown by Its Statutes, Judicial Decisions, and Illustrative Face</i></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part1/1p268.html">Virginia's slave codes</a> on <a href="Public_Broadcasting_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Broadcasting Service">PBS</a>.org</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/10034474/">The negro law of South Carolina</a>,</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rs6.loc.gov/ammem/sthtml/stpres02.html">Slave codes of District of Columbia</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://academic.udayton.edu/race/02rights/slavelaw.htm">Slave codes of State of Georgia</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanslavecod00lcgood/page/n4">The American Slave Code in Theory and Practice: Its Distinctive Features Shown by Its Statutes, Judicial Decisions, and Illustrative Face</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100815082450/http://www.nps.gov/ethnography/aah/AAheritage/histContextsE.htm">Law in the Southern Colonies</a></li></ul>
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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Slavery_in_the_United_States75" style="text-align:left;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Slavery_in_the_United_States75" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery in the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;">States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="History_of_slavery_in_Alabama" title="History of slavery in Alabama">Alabama</a></li>
<li><a href="History_of_slavery_in_Alaska" title="History of slavery in Alaska">Alaska</a></li>
<li><a href="History_of_slavery_in_Arizona" class="mw-redirect" title="History of slavery in Arizona">Arizona</a></li>
<li><a href="History_of_slavery_in_Arkansas" title="History of slavery in Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li>
<li><a href="History_of_slavery_in_California" title="History of slavery in California">California</a></li>
<li><a href="History_of_slavery_in_Colorado" title="History of slavery in Colorado">Colorado</a></li>
<li><a href="History_of_slavery_in_Connecticut" title="History of slavery in Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li>
<li><a href="History_of_slavery_in_Delaware" title="History of slavery in Delaware">Delaware</a></li>
<li><a href="History_of_slavery_in_Florida" title="History of slavery in Florida">Florida</a></li>
<li><a href="History_of_slavery_in_Georgia_(U.S._state)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of slavery in Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></li>
<li>Hawaii</li>
<li>Idaho</li>
<li><a href="History_of_slavery_in_Illinois" title="History of slavery in Illinois">Illinois</a></li>
<li><a href="History_of_slavery_in_Indiana" title="History of slavery in Indiana">Indiana</a></li>
<li><a href="History_of_slavery_in_Iowa" title="History of slavery in Iowa">Iowa</a></li>
<li><a href="History_of_slavery_in_Kansas" title="History of slavery in Kansas">Kansas</a></li>
<li><a href="History_of_slavery_in_Kentucky" title="History of slavery in Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li>
<li><a href="History_of_slavery_in_Louisiana" title="History of slavery in Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li>
<li>Maine</li>
<li><a href="History_of_slavery_in_Maryland" title="History of slavery in Maryland">Maryland</a></li>
<li><a href="History_of_slavery_in_Massachusetts" title="History of slavery in Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li>
<li><a href="History_of_slavery_in_Michigan" title="History of slavery in Michigan">Michigan</a></li>
<li><a href="History_of_slavery_in_Minnesota" title="History of slavery in Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li>
<li><a href="History_of_slavery_in_Mississippi" title="History of slavery in Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li>
<li><a href="History_of_slavery_in_Missouri" title="History of slavery in Missouri">Missouri</a></li>
<li><a href="History_of_slavery_in_Montana" title="History of slavery in Montana">Montana</a></li>
<li><a href="History_of_slavery_in_Nebraska" title="History of slavery in Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li>
<li>Nevada</li>
<li><a href="History_of_slavery_in_New_Hampshire" class="mw-redirect" title="History of slavery in New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li>
<li><a href="History_of_slavery_in_New_Jersey" title="History of slavery in New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li>
<li><a href="History_of_slavery_in_New_Mexico" title="History of slavery in New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li>
<li><a href="History_of_slavery_in_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="History of slavery in New York">New York</a></li>
<li><a href="History_of_slavery_in_North_Carolina" title="History of slavery in North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li>
<li><a href="History_of_slavery_in_North_Dakota" class="mw-redirect" title="History of slavery in North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li>
<li><a href="History_of_slavery_in_Ohio" class="mw-redirect" title="History of slavery in Ohio">Ohio</a></li>
<li><a href="History_of_slavery_in_Oklahoma" title="History of slavery in Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li>
<li>Oregon</li>
<li><a href="History_of_slavery_in_Pennsylvania" title="History of slavery in Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li>
<li><a href="History_of_slavery_in_Rhode_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of slavery in Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></li>
<li><a href="History_of_slavery_in_South_Carolina" title="History of slavery in South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li>
<li><a href="History_of_slavery_in_South_Dakota" title="History of slavery in South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li>
<li><a href="History_of_slavery_in_Tennessee" title="History of slavery in Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li>
<li><a href="History_of_slavery_in_Texas" title="History of slavery in Texas">Texas</a></li>
<li><a href="History_of_slavery_in_Utah" title="History of slavery in Utah">Utah</a></li>
<li><a href="History_of_slavery_in_Vermont" title="History of slavery in Vermont">Vermont</a></li>
<li><a href="History_of_slavery_in_Virginia" title="History of slavery in Virginia">Virginia</a></li>
<li>Washington</li>
<li><a href="History_of_slavery_in_West_Virginia" title="History of slavery in West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li>
<li><a href="History_of_slavery_in_Wisconsin" class="mw-redirect" title="History of slavery in Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li>
<li>Wyoming</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;"><a href="Federal_district" title="Federal district">Federal district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="History_of_slavery_in_District_of_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of slavery in District of Columbia">District of Columbia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;">Territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Slavery_in_Puerto_Rico" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li>
<li><a href="United_States_Virgin_Islands#Danish_period" title="United States Virgin Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Slavery_among_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery among Native Americans in the United States">Slavery among Native Americans</a></li>
<li><a href="Slavery_in_New_Spain" title="Slavery in New Spain">Slavery in New Spain</a></li>
<li><a href="Slavery_in_New_France" title="Slavery in New France">Slavery in New France</a></li>
<li><a href="Slavery_in_the_colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the colonial history of the United States">Slavery in the colonial history of the United States</a></li>
<li><a href="Indentured_servitude_in_British_America" title="Indentured servitude in British America">Indentured servitude in British America</a></li>
<li><a href="Slave_trade_in_the_United_States" title="Slave trade in the United States">Slave trade in the United States</a></li>
<li><a href="Slave_markets_and_slave_jails_in_the_United_States" title="Slave markets and slave jails in the United States">Slave markets and slave jails in the United States</a></li>
<li><a href="Kidnapping_into_slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Kidnapping into slavery in the United States">Kidnapping into slavery in the United States</a></li>
<li><a href="Slave_states_and_free_states" title="Slave states and free states">Slave states and free states</a></li>
<li><a href="Slave_labor_on_United_States_military_installations_1799%E2%80%931863" title="Slave labor on United States military installations 1799–1863">Slave labor on United States military installations 1799–1863</a></li>
<li><a href="Slavery_at_American_colleges_and_universities" title="Slavery at American colleges and universities">Slavery at American colleges and universities</a></li>
<li><a href="Glossary_of_American_slavery" title="Glossary of American slavery">Glossary</a></li>
<li><a href="Bibliography_of_slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Bibliography of slavery in the United States">Bibliography</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cultural and<br>social history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="American_proslavery_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="American proslavery movement">American proslavery movement</a></li>
<li><a href="Pro-slavery_ideology_in_the_United_States" title="Pro-slavery ideology in the United States">Slavery as a positive good in the United States</a></li>
<li>Treatment
<ul><li><a href="Slave_health_on_plantations_in_the_United_States" title="Slave health on plantations in the United States">Health</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Anti-literacy_laws_in_the_United_States" title="Anti-literacy laws in the United States">Mandatory illiteracy</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_during_the_slave_period_in_the_United_States" title="Education during the slave period in the United States">Education during the slave period</a></li>
<li><a href="Slave_quarters_in_the_United_States" title="Slave quarters in the United States">Slave quarters</a></li>
<li><a href="Slave_trade_in_the_United_States" title="Slave trade in the United States">Domestic slave trade</a></li>
<li><a href="List_of_American_slave_traders" class="mw-redirect" title="List of American slave traders">List of American slave traders</a></li>
<li><a href="Runaway_slave_ad" class="mw-redirect" title="Runaway slave ad">Runaway slave ad</a></li>
<li><a href="Slave_catcher" title="Slave catcher">Slave catcher</a></li>
<li><a href="Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">Abolitionism</a></li>
<li><a href="Underground_Railroad" title="Underground Railroad">Underground Railroad</a>
<ul><li><a href="List_of_freedmen's_towns" class="mw-redirect" title="List of freedmen's towns">Freedmen's towns</a></li>
<li><a href="Black_Canadians" title="Black Canadians">Black Canadians</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="List_of_abolitionists" title="List of abolitionists">List of abolitionists</a></li>
<li><a href="African_American_founding_fathers_of_the_United_States" title="African American founding fathers of the United States">African American founding fathers</a></li>
<li><a href="Plantation_complexes_in_the_Southern_United_States" title="Plantation complexes in the Southern United States">Plantations</a></li>
<li><a href="Field_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Field slaves in the United States">Field slaves</a></li>
<li><a href="Gang_system" title="Gang system">Gang system</a></li>
<li><a href="Task_system" title="Task system">Task system</a></li>
<li><a href="Planter_class" title="Planter class">Planter class</a></li>
<li><a href="List_of_plantations_in_the_United_States" title="List of plantations in the United States">List of plantations</a></li>
<li><a href="Amerindian_slave_ownership" title="Amerindian slave ownership">Amerindian slave ownership</a></li>
<li><a href="African-American_slave_owners" title="African-American slave owners">African-American slave owners</a></li>
<li><a href="American_Colonization_Society" title="American Colonization Society">American Colonization Society</a></li>
<li><a href="Slave_narrative" title="Slave narrative">Slave narrative</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Law and politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Slavery_and_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Slavery and the United States Constitution">Slavery and the United States Constitution</a></li>
<li><a href="American_slave_court_cases" class="mw-redirect" title="American slave court cases">American slave court cases</a></li>
<li>Freedom suits</li>
<li><a href="Fugitive_Slave_Clause" title="Fugitive Slave Clause">Fugitive Slave Clause</a></li>
<li><a href="Three-fifths_Compromise" title="Three-fifths Compromise">Three-fifths Compromise</a></li>
<li><a href="Slave_and_free_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave and free states">Slave and free states</a></li>
<li><a href="History_of_slavery_in_the_United_States_by_state" title="History of slavery in the United States by state">History of slavery by U.S. state</a></li>
<li><a href="Fugitive_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Fugitive slaves in the United States">Fugitive slaves</a></li>
<li><a href="Fugitive_Slave_Act_of_1793" title="Fugitive Slave Act of 1793">Fugitive Slave Act of 1793</a></li>
<li><a href="Act_Prohibiting_Importation_of_Slaves" title="Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves">Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves</a> (1808)</li>
<li><a href="Gag_rule_(United_States)" title="Gag rule (United States)">Gag rule (1836–1840)</a></li>
<li><a href="Nullifier_Party" title="Nullifier Party">Nullifier Party</a></li>
<li><a href="Fire-Eaters" title="Fire-Eaters">Fire-Eaters</a></li>
<li><a href="Movement_to_reopen_the_transatlantic_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Movement to reopen the transatlantic slave trade">Movement to reopen the transatlantic slave trade</a></li>
<li><a href="Fugitive_Slave_Act_of_1850" title="Fugitive Slave Act of 1850">Fugitive Slave Act of 1850</a></li>
<li><i><a href="Partus_sequitur_ventrem" title="Partus sequitur ventrem">Partus sequitur ventrem</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="Dred_Scott_v._Sandford" title="Dred Scott v. Sandford">Dred Scott v. Sandford</a></i></li>
<li><a href="Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Thirteenth Amendment of the Constitution</a></li>
<li><a href="List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_who_owned_slaves" title="List of presidents of the United States who owned slaves">Presidents and slavery</a>
<ul><li><a href="George_Washington_and_slavery" title="George Washington and slavery">George Washington and slavery</a></li>
<li><a href="Thomas_Jefferson_and_slavery" title="Thomas Jefferson and slavery">Thomas Jefferson and slavery</a></li>
<li><a href="James_Madison_and_slavery" title="James Madison and slavery">James Madison and slavery</a></li>
<li><a href="John_Quincy_Adams_and_abolitionism" title="John Quincy Adams and abolitionism">John Quincy Adams and abolitionism</a></li>
<li><a href="John_Tyler_and_slavery" title="John Tyler and slavery">John Tyler and slavery</a></li>
<li><a href="Zachary_Taylor_and_slavery" title="Zachary Taylor and slavery">Zachary Taylor and slavery</a></li>
<li><a href="Abraham_Lincoln_and_slavery" title="Abraham Lincoln and slavery">Abraham Lincoln and slavery</a></li>
<li><a href="Andrew_Johnson_and_slavery" title="Andrew Johnson and slavery">Andrew Johnson and slavery</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="List_of_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States_who_owned_slaves" title="List of vice presidents of the United States who owned slaves">Vice presidents</a></li>
<li><a href="List_of_members_of_the_United_States_Congress_who_owned_slaves" title="List of members of the United States Congress who owned slaves">Members of Congress</a></li>
<li><a href="List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_Justices_who_owned_slaves" title="List of United States Supreme Court Justices who owned slaves">Supreme Court Justices</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Marriage,<br>sexual slavery<br>and procreation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="History_of_sexual_slavery_in_the_United_States" title="History of sexual slavery in the United States">Sexual slavery</a></li>
<li><a href="Female_slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Female slavery in the United States">Female slavery</a></li>
<li><a href="Treatment_of_the_enslaved_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Treatment of the enslaved in the United States">Sexual relations and rape</a></li>
<li><a href="Slave_breeding_in_the_United_States" title="Slave breeding in the United States">Slave breeding</a></li>
<li><a href="Slave_marriages_in_the_United_States" title="Slave marriages in the United States">Slave marriages</a></li>
<li><i><a href="Pla%C3%A7age" title="Plaçage">Plaçage</a></i></li>
<li><a href="Children_of_the_plantation" title="Children of the plantation">Children of the plantation</a></li>
<li><a href="Shadow_family" title="Shadow family">Shadow family</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War and after</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Origins_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Origins of the American Civil War">Origins of the American Civil War</a></li>
<li><a href="Slavery_during_the_American_Civil_War" title="Slavery during the American Civil War">Slavery during the American Civil War</a></li>
<li><a href="End_of_slavery_in_the_United_States" title="End of slavery in the United States">End of slavery in the United States</a></li>
<li><a href="Compensated_emancipation_in_the_United_States" title="Compensated emancipation in the United States">Compensated emancipation</a></li>
<li><a href="Contraband_(American_Civil_War)" title="Contraband (American Civil War)">Contraband</a></li>
<li><a href="United_States_Colored_Troops" title="United States Colored Troops">Colored Troops</a></li>
<li><a href="Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a></li>
<li><a href="Juneteenth" title="Juneteenth">Juneteenth</a></li>
<li><a href="Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a></li>
<li><a href="Radical_Republicans" title="Radical Republicans">Radical Republicans</a></li>
<li><a href="Freedmen's_Bureau" title="Freedmen's Bureau">Freedmen's Bureau</a></li>
<li><a href="Civil_rights_movement_(1865%E2%80%931896)" title="Civil rights movement (1865–1896)">Civil rights movement (1865–1896)</a></li>
<li><a href="Family_reunification_ads_after_emancipation" title="Family reunification ads after emancipation">Family reunification ads after emancipation</a></li>
<li><a href="Freedmen's_town" title="Freedmen's town">Freedmen's town</a>
<ul><li><a href="List_of_freedmen's_towns" class="mw-redirect" title="List of freedmen's towns">list</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><!--htdig_noindex--><div><div class="zim-footer">
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